![]() Traditional illumination was a costly and tedious process requiring the use of gold and silverleaf or powder and expensive paints. This influence can be clearly seen through the appearance of Islamic patterns in European manuscripts dating from the Middle Ages. Many of the early designs were introduced to European craftsmen by their counterparts in the Middle East through trade in the Iberian Peninsula. It was not until the late 1100s CE that Western Europe experienced a revitalization of the illuminated manuscript tradition. Early illuminated manuscripts, however, were very expensive to create and the demand for them was low. The first illuminated manuscripts date from the 4 th century BCE Roman Empire. It should be noted, however, that decorated manuscripts from the Asian and Mesoamerican traditions are referred to as "painted" rather than illuminated, though their defining characteristics are often very similar to the illuminated manuscripts produced in Europe and the Middle East. Illuminated manuscripts can be found in most areas of the world with a long written tradition including Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Mesoamerica. Traditionally, the term is reserved for items decorated with either gold or silver, though modern terminology rarely makes this distinction. More images hereĪn illuminated manuscript is defined as a handwritten (manuscript) item illustrated with images, decorated margins, or embellished initials.
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