![]() Blackwood and Tufi 2015 examines the linguistic landscape of ten coastal cities in France and Italy. One of the important contributions of this manuscript is its focus on rural ads, since the majority of scholarship focuses on urban signage. New to this edition are thirty interviews conducted with business executives from large-scale companies throughout India. Bhatia 2007 is a revised edition that was originally published in 2000. The book also provides an excellent example of a mixed methods approach that includes both quantitative and qualitative analyses of urban signage. Its introduction would be of great interest to new scholars, as it contains a thorough review of literature from the early period of linguistic landscape research. The short manuscript Backhaus 2007 is comprised of original research conducted in Tokyo. It contains examples of advertisements from several countries that incorporate multiple languages as well as a chapter dedicated to English and its ever-growing presence in marketing in non-English speaking countries. ![]() Kelly-Holmes 2005 focuses on the internationalization of advertising, in contrast with brand indexation of more local and national identities. Ultimately, it shows how physical and social context play a large role in our understanding of signage as a social semiotic. Scollon and Scollon 2003 provides a clear presentation of methodology to study geosemiotics and complements this with an array of examples of public signs in multiple countries including Austria, China, Hong Kong, and Italy. Scollon and Scollon 2003 is one of the crucial works that has had a large influence on the direction of scholarship, even though it predates the naming of the field and the canonical article Landry and Bourhis 1997 (cited under Origins of the Field) is not cited in it. This section discusses several key works in the field of linguistic landscape studies. ![]() Finally, the article reviews important works from a newer subcamp: The Linguistic Landscape of the Internet. In the subsection Anthropology, three central themes are considered: Language Attitudes and Ideologies, Identity, and Ethnography. The second half of the article is organized topically in the following order: Origins of the Field, Innovative Methodologies, Applications and Approaches in the Field (including subsections Multilingualism, Global English, Minority Languages, Anthropology, Language Policy and Planning, and Education). Finally, the article turns to conferences dedicated to the subject and important conference papers that have been discussed recently among scholars in the field. It then moves on to journals that commonly feature linguistic landscape work or special issues and then some of the latest dissertations that have been published. It begins with Key Works and then turns to Edited Collections. The first half of the article is organized by contribution type. Key texts include research presented in various forms including books, articles, conferences, conference presentations, and dissertations. This article highlights diverse works from male and female scholars, researchers of color, and scholarship on minority languages by scholars from all over the globe. ![]() While the majority of research focuses on particular geographical places, the area of study has expanded to include the linguistic landscape of the Internet. An especially interdisciplinary field, it incorporates work from camps such as anthropology, linguistics, political science, education, geography, and urban planning. (See Landry and Bourhis 1997, cited under Origins of the Field.) The study of the linguistic landscape (LL) is a fairly new area of investigation, with the establishment of its first international conference in 2008 and first international journal in 2015. Bourhis: “The language of public road signs, advertising billboards, street names, place names, commercial shop signs, and public signs on government buildings combines to form the linguistic landscape of a given territory, region, or urban agglomeration” (p. A common definition used in the field is the one posited in the canonical 1997 article “Linguistic Landscape and Ethnolinguistic Vitality: An Empirical Study” ( Journal of Language and Social Psychology 16(1): 23–49) by Rodrigue Landry and Richard Y. Linguistic landscape studies is the investigation of displayed language in a particular space, generally through the analysis of advertisements, billboards, and other signs.
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